ICN and IHTSDO extend collaboration to advance harmonisation of health terminology

Press Information   .   Communiqué de presse   .   Comunicado de prensa

Geneva, Switzerland & Copenhagen, Denmark, 1 September 2014

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) and the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO) today announced an updated collaboration agreement to advance terminology harmonisation and foster interoperability in health information systems.  The new collaboration agreement signed today will be reviewed on completion of the work or in April 2016, whichever is earliest.

The overarching goals of this collaboration are to ensure that nurses worldwide have the tools they need to carry out their jobs effectively, that they are not disenfranchised from the global informatics infrastructure, and that they remain active in the collection of meaningful and useful health information.

As part of the collaboration agreement, ICN, owner of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP), and IHTSDO, owner of SNOMED CT, have agreed to undertake further work that defines the relations between SNOMED CT and ICNP to enable their interoperability in health information systems globally. It builds on work already undertaken to produce an equivalence table for nursing diagnoses.

In the coming years IHTSDO and ICN will focus on two key areas of work: joint publication of a completed equivalence table between SNOMED CT and ICNP for Nursing Diagnoses, and joint publication of a completed equivalence table between SNOMED CT and ICNP for nursing interventions.

“ICN is delighted to extend our collaboration with IHTSDO,” said David Benton, ICN’s Chief Executive Officer.  “This agreement will be of mutual benefit to both organisations as well as to patients and will improve the description and comparison of nursing practice locally, regionally, nationally and internationally.

“IHTSDO is pleased to be continuing its collaboration with the ICN”, said Jane Millar, Head of Collaboration at IHTSDO. “Our joint work in linking SNOMED CT and ICNP will be of benefit to the nursing profession worldwide to ensure a common understanding and interoperability, and also to support sharing with other members of the healthcare team.”

The first collaborative agreement between the two organisations was signed in 2010, and in January 2014 the cooperation was further advanced by the announcement of an equivalence table between ICNP concepts and SNOMED CT concepts.

Notes to the Editor:

ICN and IHTSDO are the developers of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) and SNOMED Clinical Terms (CT), respectively. The ICNP terminology serves a critical role for ICN in representing the domain of nursing practice worldwide, thus providing nurses at all levels with data-based information used for practice, administration, education and research. SNOMED CT is a multidisciplinary healthcare terminology designed to support the entry and retrieval of clinical concepts in electronic record systems and the safe, accurate, and effective exchange of health information.

About ICN:
The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a federation of more than 130 national nurses associations representing the millions of nurses worldwide. Operated by nurses and leading nursing internationally, ICN works to ensure quality care for all and sound health policies globally. (www.icn.ch).

About IHTSDO:
IHTSDO determines global standards for health terms, an essential part of improving the health of humankind. Its experts work collaboratively with diverse stakeholders to ensure that SNOMED CT, its world-leading terminology product, is accepted around the world as the common language for health (www.ihtsdo.org).

My source: Amy L Amherdt

3-day Short Course in Systematic Reviewing and GRADE, 2-4 July 2014, UCL and NCCMH

Dear all,

I’d be very grateful if you could forward this onto any colleagues you think would be interested in attending. Many thanks.

Introduction to Systematic Reviewing and the GRADE Approach
3-day short course
UCL, London

Led by Dr Craig Whittington, with over 10 years’ experience developing NICE clinical guidelines and Cochrane reviews.

• A practical approach to systematic reviewing taught by experts developing clinical guidelines for NICE.
• Get the latest advice about GRADE, the sensible and transparent approach to grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations, adopted by the Cochrane Collaboration.
• Bring an idea for a systematic review; leave with a protocol and toolkit to get the work completed to the very highest standard.

Please visit:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/clinical-psychology/CORE/short-courses/grade-approach.htm

To book please email snaqvi AT rcpysch.ac.uk
Best wishes,
Sabrina Naqvi

Sabrina Naqvi
Project Manager
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health
The Royal College of Psychiatrists
3rd Floor | 21 Prescot Street | London E1 8BB
Website: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk

MEMO: .health as a top-level domain

m e m o r a n d u m

Date:	20 May 2014
To:	ICANN
From:	PETER JONES
Subject:

Please do not try to put a full stop to ongoing efforts to utilise the internet to benefit the true health and well-being of the world's citizens.

The work is a challenge, much has been achieved and there is great promise for the future and not merely through the quantified self, personalised medicine, biotechnology and the virtual healthcare market. ...

The self, indeed this whole effort must be assured, integrated and qualified.

This means of course that the provenance, standards and values vested in health related data, information and knowledge must be of the highest quality.

Then - we can start to think about -




Yours sincerely,

Peter Jones

Additional link:
http://www.jmir.org/2014/3/e73/

[hifa2015] World Medical Association calls for a moratorium on the sale of the .health top-level domain

Dear colleagues,

The World Medical Association has called for a moratorium on the sale of the .health top-level domain (TLD). This is significant as the WMA 'is an international organization representing approximately 9 million physicians of all specialties and sectors.'

Below are extracts from a letter from the WMA Secretary-General dated 8th March to ICANN (the body that administers internet domains). The full letter is available here:

http://www.icann.org/en/news/correspondence/kloiber-to-chehade-et-al-11mar14-en.pdf

'By now the ICANN Board is aware that .health is one of the ten most opposed new gTLDs...'

'... We, the World Medical Association (WMA), add our voice to recommend that the auction of the .health gTLD not go forward.'

Best wishes,
Neil
-----
[ c/o Neil Pakenham-Walsh ]

Let's build a future where people are no longer dying for lack of healthcare knowledge: Join HIFA www.hifa2015.org

If you must rumple the care domains - rumple them together

individual
INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

group

'A Man’s body and his mind, 
with the utmost reverence to both I speak it, 
are exactly like a jerkin, and a jerkin’s lining; – 

rumple the one	– you rumple the other.’ 1

¹ Sterne L. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (1761), vol. 3, ch. 4 (eds M New, J New). University of Florida Press, 1978.

Source: Royal College of Psychiatrists (2013) Whole-person care: from rhetoric to reality Achieving parity between mental and physical health. Occasional Paper 88, March 2013. p.2.

[Itforum] Unique Technology / Assessment Request

The ITForum featured the following post with ongoing discussion and resources related to TEL - technology enhanced learning:

Hello Michael,

When I read your post my thought was that this was a classic example for an adaptive learning module/set of modules. This was a significant concept in the 1970s/1980s when elearning was peaking.

It seems unfortunate that the proliferation of the LMS has all but reduced the learning environment to subject-matter presentation and quizzes.

The recent proclamation of the eLearning Manifesto (http://elearningmanifesto.org) as well as ideas expressed by OULDI (http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/OULDI/) and my own ideas of Design Alchemy (Sims, 2014) provide alternative ways of thinking about elearning. These may assist in re-thinking strategies to achieve your goals.

Roderick Sims, PhD

design alchemist
 
ITFORUM mailing list
http://listserv.lt.unt.edu/mailman/listinfo/
This is a listserv of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology. The focus of this list is instructional and educational technology topics ranging from technology integration through cognitive systems thinking and beyond.

Thanks to R Sims and Ack. ITForum. I have added the link to Sims, 2014 above.

The original question concerned - core competencies required for nursing programs....

BCS, UKCHIP and IHRIM announce a new vision for the health informatics profession at HC2014

19 March 2014

BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, the UK Council of Health Informatics Professions (UKCHIP) and the Institute of Health Records and Information Management (IHRIM) are working collaboratively to create a new federation for the Informatics profession. The three autonomous bodies will work closely together in a federation to ensure that UK health informatics is recognised as a valued profession. 

Justin Whatling, Chair of BCS Health, part of the Chartered Institute for IT, explains: “This is a very exciting moment for health informatics. Today technology has an immense and profound impact on the health and wellbeing of people. Therefore it’s time for the profession to mature to meet the increasing demand on our skills and capability. We want health to be an attractive place for informatics professionals from other sectors to come and work, and we want to provide a clear career path and professional development opportunities to retain those already working in health. The federation will help us to achieve this.”

The initiative comes as the NHS is under increasing pressure to find and implement new models of health and social care that will provide services closer to people’s homes. This requires health professionals to share accurate information securely and confidentially. In addition, the Caldicott 2 Review has introduced a Duty of Care to Share health information. Both of these things have happened at a time when public trust in the NHS’ ability to handle personal health information has taken a hit.

The federation will be open to all other informatics professional bodies, the private sector, the home countries and lay representation. It will provide leadership of the overall profession with a single professional register and point of entry for professionals, oversee an agreed regulatory framework with a common code of ethical practice and coordinate access to resources providing a unified set of capabilities for all professional areas of practice.

Read more

Good Health, Manchester Training Programme 2014/15

Dear Colleague,

Manchester Public Health Development Service are delighted to announce the launch of their updated and refreshed training programme – the Good Health, Manchester Training Programme 2014/15.

This year we are very excited to announce an online booking system that will make booking on our courses even easier for you and your colleagues. Please visit www.goodhealth-manchester.nhs.uk/training to browse and book onto the many public health training courses we have on offer for 2014/15. We have over 50 courses covering a multitude of topics. All courses are free-of-charge to those who work with Manchester people. If your organisation would prefer a bespoke training tailor-made to your needs, please click here.

Please forward this email to any individuals or colleagues that may be interested in attending one of our courses.

We look forward to seeing you soon,

Brian Goodman
Training Coordinator
Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust
Manchester Public Health Development Service
Victoria Mill
Lower Vickers Street
Miles Platting
Manchester
M40 7LJ
Tel: 0161 882 2584 (Temporary)
Fax: 0161 203 5817
e-mail: Brian.Goodman AT mhsc.nhs.uk

Syria's Trojan women

The Syria Trojan Women project began by creating drama workshops in Amman, Jordan in autumn 2013, and put on a theatrical production of Euripides’ anti-war tragedy, 'The Trojan Women' in December with a cast and crew of Syrian refugees. The first performances were a great success, and we hope to stage further performances in and around Amman, and a tour of Jordan and the region. http://www.syriatrojanwomen.org/

My source: Charlotte Eagar, Syria's Trojan women. FT Weekend, Life&Arts, 4 - 5 January 2014. pp.1-2.

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
humanistic ------------------------------------------- mechanistic
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

individual

"personal	parallels" p.2.
drama therapy	conflict

group - population

http://hodges-model.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/Jordan

ICN and IHTSDO partner to provide a new Informatics Resources for nurses

International Council of Nurses (ICN) and International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO)
partner to provide a new Informatics Resources for nurses

Geneva, Switzerland, Copenhagen, Denmark, 20 January 2014 - The International Council of Nurses (ICN) and the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO) are pleased to announce an equivalency table between the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) concepts and SNOMED CT concepts. The table contains ICNP Diagnosis and Outcomes Statements that have semantic equivalencies with SNOMED CT concepts.

ICNP is an international standard that facilitates the description and comparison of nursing practice locally, regionally, nationally and internationally. The ICNP terminology serves a critical role for ICN in facilitating representation of the domain of nursing practice worldwide to promote evidenced based quality care. ICNP provides nurses with content solutions for electronic health records (EHRs) at all levels to support data-based information for use in practice, administration, education and research. SNOMED CT, a multidisciplinary international healthcare terminology, is designed to support the entry and retrieval of clinical concepts in electronic record systems and the safe, accurate, and effective exchange of health information.

“This equivalency table between ICNP and SNOMED CT is a tangible demonstration of how collaboration among standards development organisations can contribute to improved and standardized documentation of healthcare delivery,” noted ICN CEO David Benton. “Greater standardization supports the larger goal of interoperability of systems as well as better understanding of the contributions that each discipline makes to health outcomes and the effective and efficient use of health resources.“

“The IHTSDO is pleased to see this work being made available to users internationally and hopes that there will be feedback on its usage over time in supporting the care of individuals on a multidisciplinary basis. Continued collaboration with ICN is important to the IHTSDO going forward, providing a key link to the nursing profession internationally” said Jane Millar, Head of Collaboration at IHTSDO.

This new product advances the collaboration on terminology development agreed between ICN and IHTSDO in their 2010 harmonization agreement by allowing ICN to make the equivalency table available through its website at the ICNP Download page ( http://www.icn.ch/pillarsprograms/icnp-download/ ). Although this table is not formally endorsed by IHTSDO, persons interested in using it should review the terms of the SNOMED CT Affiliate License before downloading ( www.ihtsdo.org/licence.pdf ).

The product can be a useful resource to nurses and healthcare facilities interested in using SNOMED CT for documentation in EHRs and using ICNP to help identify clinically relevant content for use in documentation of nursing care.

An additional product from ICN, the ICNP Technical Implementation Guide, was also recently released with the intent of supporting ICNP users, from vendors to nurses in care delivery settings. When used alongside documentation available on the IHTSDO website ( http://ihtsdo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/doc/ ), the Implementation Guide will be of particular use to those who choose to access and use the ICNP-SNOMED CT Equivalency Table in that it gives details about applications that use ICNP, approaches to implementation, structure and content of ICNP, and technical overview. The ICNP Implementation Guide is available on the ICN website ( www.icn.ch/pillarsprograms/implementing-icnpr/ ).

My source: Amy L Amherdt, icn-ehealth

ESRC PhD North West Doctoral Training Centre (NWDTC) CASE Studentships 2014: The spatial and social dynamics of public inclusion for people with dementia & Masters HI Sweden

The Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University offers an exciting opportunity for an ESRC funded +3 collaborative studentship for PhD research: The spatial and social dynamics of public inclusion for people with dementia

Suitably qualified candidates are invited to apply for this fully-funded three-year PhD CASE studentship which is a collaboration between the Centre for Ageing Research, at Lancaster University, and AgeUK Lancashire. The studentship covers full fees plus a Basic Maintenance Grant (£14,421 p.a.). The student will receive a small contribution for research costs.

The CASE studentship will draw on innovative participatory mixed methods to assess the impact of a range of dementia friendly community initiatives to explore how people with dementia experience social and spatial inclusion, across personal and public spaces. The research offers an opportunity to engage with important policy initiatives and how they impact upon people’s lives. The successful applicant will also benefit from the work placement opportunity within AgeUK Lancashire.

The studentship will be supervised by a team lead by Dr Katherine Froggatt and Professor Christine Milligan at Lancaster University and Mrs Diane Armstrong, Dementia Support Coordinator at AgeUK Lancashire.

Eligible candidates will be UK/EU honours graduate students with a good 2.1 from a recognised University, who show evidence of exceptional ability; they must have completed research methods training as part of an ESRC recognised Masters (or demonstrate research training to an equivalent standard) in a relevant health and social sciences discipline. Students who are currently undertaking a Masters degree (or equivalent) and are expecting to graduate during the 2013-14 academic session are also eligible to apply. Candidates should demonstrate a committed interest and experience in the field of dementia ageing research, preferably in community contexts.

Candidates must satisfy the ESRC's academic and residential eligibility requirements and be UK or EU citizens who have been resident in the UK for three years. Further information on eligibility can be downloaded from the ESRC web site:
http://www.esrc.ac.uk/esrccontent/postgradfunding/foindex.asp

For further information contact Dr Katherine Froggatt: k.froggatt AT lancaster.ac.uk

To apply please submit the following documents electronically, by 5.00pm Thursday February 13th 2014, to Dr Katherine Froggatt: k.froggatt AT lancaster.ac.uk with ‘ESRC CASE studentship’ in the subject line:

• An up-to-date CV: including two named referees (one of whom should be your most recent academic tutor/supervisor); the applicant will be expected to have approached their referees to arrange for references (including anticipated grade if Masters is ongoing) in advance of shortlisting.
• A letter of application (not exceeding 2 pages) outlining your suitability for the CASE studentship and how you would anticipate approaching the research.
• A copy of your first degree and Master’s degree transcripts.

Shortlisted candidates should be available for interview on February 21^st 2014

PLUS from LinkedIn

On 01/06/14 1:53 PM, Sabine Koch wrote:
--------------------
In case you know somebody interested in advanced studies in HI please forward this message.
Thanks,
Sabine
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Interested in a two year Master Programme in health informatics at Karolinska Institutet/Stockholm University in Sweden?

Apply online latest January 15th at universityadmissions.se

https://www.universityadmissions.se/intl/search?period=HT_2014&publishers=ki&freeText=Joint+Master%27s+Programme+in+Health+Informatics&courseProgram=programs&level=advanced 

Join the Revolution: For the Lady in the Corner (c/o ST4Health)

ST4Health

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES
SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

individual

Lady situated assumptions personal experience	one disease - malaria, smallpox, leprosy, TB,  emergency treatment, hospitals, Africa, systems, capacity
people, society, community, village gender, interactions, humanitarian works,	policy, organisations, population health improvement, global health, poverty, economics, outcomes

group - population
BIG PICTURE (above)

My source:  HIFA2015 list

The Health Foundation launch new Person-Centred Care resource centre

Dear CHAIN member,

We would like to draw your attention to the following new resources.  
Please pass on as appropriate.  Thank you.

The Health Foundation has launched their new person-centred care resource centre:

http://personcentredcare.health.org.uk/

The resource centre is designed to help healthcare professionals implement a more person-centred healthcare service, where people are supported to more effectively manage and make informed decisions about  their own health and care. Initially focusing on shared decision making and self-management support.

Regards,
Wendy Zhou
CHAIN Manager

CHAIN - Contact, Help, Advice and Information Network  
– is an online international network for people working in health and social care.  
For more information on CHAIN and joining the network please visit website: 
http://chain.ulcc.ac.uk/chain/index.html

Calling all healthcare radicals!

A call to action: Helen Bevan’s blog (BMJ)

Rocking the boat and staying in it: how to succeed as a radical in healthcare

 

 

Corporate Rebels United is a global movement of “corporate rebels” across multiple industries and sectors. Many healthcare rebels/radicals are part of this. This is the manifesto of Corporate Rebels United which perfectly captures the mission of organisational radicals in healthcare to deliver the new truth of healthcare transformation.

Through Hodges' model I am an advocate for 'radical history', nursing care lessons from the past can (must!) inform future health and social care.
 

Graduate Study in Philosophy/Ethics of Information at the University of Oxford

From: Luciano Floridi - lfloridi at gmail.com

Please circulate

If you are interested in pursuing interdisciplinary graduate study at the University of Oxford in philosophy and/or ethics of information in connection with digital technologies, the Oxford Internet Institute offers:

1. The eleven-month residential MSc in Social Science of the Internet.
Students from a wide variety of backgrounds can combine their interests in philosophical/ethical issues with Internet-related courses in law, policy and other social sciences.
  2. This is for students wishing to undertake groundbreaking, detailed research.
Students are encouraged to ask original, concrete questions and to adopt incisive methodologies for exploring them, in order to help to shape the development of digital realities.
  3. The Summer Doctoral Programme.
This provides top doctoral students from around the world with the opportunity to work for a few intensive weeks with leading figures in Internet/digital research.

For more information, please check: http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/graduatestudy/

For an initial expression of interest, please send a short CV (max 1500 words) and a short outline of research interests or project (max 1500 words) to:

Mrs. Penny Driscoll, BA (Hons), MA
PA to Prof Luciano Floridi
Professor of Philosophy and Ethics of Information
Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford
1 St Giles, Oxford, OX1 3JS
penny.driscoll8 at gmail.com

Positioning Nursing in a Digital World. RCN eHealth Survey 2012 Report

Abstract:

Commissioned by the RCN, this eHealth survey explores the knowledge and experiences of nursing staff in relation to current eHealth developments, together with their attitudes to new and emerging uses of technology in health and social care. The aims of the 2012 survey were to identify the readiness of nursing staff to participate in eHealth, to understand the barriers that prevent nursing staff from benefiting from information and communications technology, and to ascertain what progress has been made since the previous RCN eHealth survey in 2010. 

Image source: http://www.gerrybolger.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/image1.jpg

Infostandards.org: HSCIC supports the information standards community

Dear Peter,

You may have seen the publicity this week regarding the launch of a new website, www.infostandards.org, developed by the Health and Social Care Information Centre, working with the Department of Health, NHS England and other commissioning partners.

Infostandsards.org has been developed to support information standards professionals across health and social care. The site provides a single place where all information standards can be located, along with valuable supporting material, such as e-learning, implementation guidance and case studies. It also enables users of the site to become active participants in the development and appraisal of standards, by providing the means to share material, draw on each others’ experiences and engage in discussions about existing and potential future standards.

TRUD is pleased to support this new venture and recognises the importance of engaging with information standards professionals across health and social care. The site provides a single place where all information standards can be accessed, along with valuable supporting materials, such as e-learning, implementation guidance and case studies. It also enables users of the site to share material, draw on each other’s experiences and engage in discussions about existing and potential future standards, collections and extractions.

The site’s scope and design will evolve continually to meet the needs and preferences of the community, so we encourage you to become active users and help shape its future development. It is the intention that the site will be an integral part of the assurance process for information standards and collections, details of which will be made available on the site in due course.

Dr Ken Lunn, Director of Information Standards Delivery, said:

"We have supported the creation of the infostandards.org website because openness and increased engagement with end users can only improve the development, delivery and adoption of effective information standards. Standards are essential to the delivery of improved, digitally enabled health and care services and by collaborating with the wider community we can tackle together the challenges we all face. I look forward to seeing how the site will be used by the community."

In support of implementation of the NHS dictionary of medicines and devices (dm+d) the Pharmacy Terminology team are currently updating some of the dm+d implementation guidance. Following feedback from the community a starter guide to dm+d providing an overview of dm+d, an explanation of the Standard, how it relates to the SNOMED CT UK Drug Extension and some fundamentals on content, structure and the release itself has been drafted and is available for comment on infostandards.org.

http://www.infostandards.org/topic/prescribing/dmd-draft-user-guide-available-for-review

The guidance is not currently ready for formal consultation but we would value your input at this juncture to see if the contents are useful and useable.

Questions about www.infostandards.org can be sent to info.standards AT hscic.gov.uk and via twitter where you can follow us @infostandards

Regards

The TRUD support team
Health and Social Care Information Centre

Budgeting for Public Involvement in Research

Dear Colleagues,

INVOLVE and the Mental Health Research Network teamed up to produce a new resource to help with budgeting for the costs of public involvement in research. It can be used for everything from putting together an involvement budget for an entire study to working out how much it will cost to run a one-off consultation event.

The first part of the resource is a guide which:

• provides practical advice on what costs are associated with involvement in research
• includes a step-by-step process for identifying the associated costs and planning the budget
• presents examples of research projects with well-developed budgets for involvement work
• contains tips, links to useful websites, and references.

The second part of the resource is an online ‘involvement cost calculator' to work out the costs for your research study.

Please forward this information to your colleagues and networks.

If you have any questions or queries about Budgeting for involvement please contact:

Thomas Kabir
MHRN Service Users in Research Coordinator
Email: thomas.kabir AT kcl.ac.uk
Tel: 0207 848 0609
To find out about INVOLVE visit www.invo.org.uk

To find out more about the Mental Health Research Network visit
www.mhrn.info

My source: Laura Gardner: Research Design Service North West’s e-mail list.

Evidence and the increasing effect of parallax

INTERPERSONAL : SCIENCES

SOCIOLOGY : POLITICAL

individual

from here ...	EVIDENCE
from here...	and here

group - population

Additional link: parallax

The Case for Information: Investment in patient information improves outcomes and reduces costs

A new Patient Information Forum (PiF) research report highlights how providing information to patients and their carers improves outcomes, reduces costs and gives people a better experience of care.

PiF commissioned research to identify the benefits of investing in health information. The project, which looked at over 300 studies, found that there are good business reasons to justify the investment of more time, money and training in health information provision and support. These include positive impacts on service use and costs, substantial capacity savings, and significant returns on investment by increasing shared decision-making, self-care and the self-management of long-term conditions.

To access the report please see:
http://www.pifonline.org.uk/the-case-for-information-investment-in-patient-information-improves-outcomes-and-reduces-costs/

My source: Irina Johnston, CHAIN Administrative Assistant